Answer the question fully, Chapter 2 powerpoint is attached for reference.
Ethics in Business Research
Chapter 2
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
2-‹#›
1
This chapter explains the ethical issues faced by researchers.
Learning Objectives
Understand . . .
What issues are covered in research ethics.
The goal of “no harm” for all research activities and what constitutes no harm for participant, researcher, and research sponsor.
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
2
Learning Objectives
Understand . . .
Differing ethical dilemmas and responsibilities of researchers, sponsors, and research assistants.
Role of ethical codes of conduct in professional associations.
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
3
Pull Quote
“Today, it would be remiss to say that the privacy profession is anything but flourishing. Companies are increasingly hiring privacy officers and even elevating them to C-suite positions; the European Commission has proposed a statute in its amended data protection framework that would require data protection officers at certain organizations, and, at the International Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP) membership recently hit 10,000 worldwide.”
Angelique Carson, CIPP/US,
International Association of Privacy Professionals
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
Ethical Issues and the Research Process
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
Types of Ethical Violations
Violating
disclosure
agreements
Breaking
confidentiality
Misrepresenting
results
Deceiving
participants
Padded
invoices
Avoiding
legal liability
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
6
Ethics are norms or standards of behavior that guide moral choices about our behavior and our relationships with others. The goal of ethics in research is to ensure that no one is harmed or suffers adverse consequences from research activities.
Unethical activities are pervasive and include many types of activities. Some of these are listed in the slide.
For some researchers, ethical and legal norms are the same. The text authors feel that legal constraints are the minimum standard but not the ideal.
Ethical Codes of Conduct
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
7
These organizations offering codes specifically for researchers. Some of the logos in the slide are linked to the respective organization’s website where you can view the codes of ethics.
Ethical Treatment of Participants
Do no harm
Explain study benefits
Explain participant rights and protections
Obtain informed consent
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
8
Research must be designed so that a participant does not suffer physical harm, discomfort, pain, embarrassment, or loss of privacy. This slide lists the three guidelines researchers should follow to protect participants.
When discussing benefits, the researcher should be careful not to overstate or understate the benefits.
Informed consent means that the participant has given full consent to participation after receiving full disclosure of the procedures of the proposed study.
Components of Informed Consent
Researcher Intro
Describe Survey Topic
Describe geographic sample
Reveal sponsor
Describe purpose
Good Faith Time Estimate
Anonymity & confidentiality
Voluntary Participation
Item nonresponse acceptable
Permission to begin
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
9
Research must be designed so that a participant does not suffer physical harm, discomfort, pain, embarrassment, or loss of privacy. This slide lists the three guidelines researchers should follow to protect participants.
When discussing benefits, the researcher should be careful not to overstate or understate the benefits.
Informed consent means that the participant has given full consent to participation after receiving full disclosure of the procedures of the proposed study.
Characteristics of Informed Consent
Elements
Competent to
Give Consent
Adequately Informed
Knowledge
of Risks
Voluntary
Consent
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
10
Since 1966, all projects with federal funding are required to be reviewed by an Institutional Review Board (IRB). An IRB evaluates the risks and benefits of proposed research. The review requirement may be more relaxed for projects that are unlikely to be risky – such as marketing research projects. Many institutions require that all research – whether funded or unfunded by the federal government – be reviewed by a local IRB.
The IRBs concentrate on two areas. First is the guarantee of obtaining complete, informed consent from participants. The second is the risk assessment and benefit analysis review.
Complete informed consent has four characteristics and these are named in the slide.
The participant must be competent to give consent.
Consent must be voluntary, and free from coercion.
Participants must be adequately informed to make a decision.
Participants should know the possible risks or outcomes associated with the research.
Ethical Responsibilities
Special guidelines apply to children!
Informed consent means parental approval.
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
11
Special consideration is necessary when researching the behavior and attitudes of children. Besides providing informed consent, parents are often interviewed during the selection process to ensure that the child is mature enough and has the verbal and physical capabilities necessary.
Deception
Disguising
non-research
activities
Camouflaging
true research
objectives
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
12
Deception occurs when participants are told only part of the truth or when the truth is fully compromised.
Deception occurs when the participants are only told part of the truth or when the truth is fully compromised. Deception can take two forms. One form relates to disguising nonresearch activities as opinion or business research. For instance, research might be used to collect data that are used to sell merchandise. Personal information could be collected for illegal purposes.
Sometimes researchers use deception as part of a research design. It involves camouflaging the true research objects or the identity of the sponsor. This form of deception is used to prevent biasing respondents or to protect the confidentiality of a third party.
Some researchers believe that deception should never occur. It is generally accepted in the industry that the benefits to be gained by appropriate research design-based deception should be balanced against the risks to the participants.
Reasons for Deception
Prevent biasing
participants
Protect confidentiality
of the sponsor
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
13
Deception occurs when participants are told only part of the truth or when the truth is fully compromised.
Deception occurs when the participants are only told part of the truth or when the truth is fully compromised. Deception can take two forms. One form relates to disguising nonresearch activities as opinion or business research. For instance, research might be used to collect data that are used to sell merchandise. Personal information could be collected for illegal purposes.
Sometimes researchers use deception as part of a research design. It involves camouflaging the true research objects or the identity of the sponsor. This form of deception is used to prevent biasing respondents or to protect the confidentiality of a third party.
Some researchers believe that deception should never occur. It is generally accepted in the industry that the benefits to be gained by appropriate research design-based deception should be balanced against the risks to the participants.
Debriefing
Explain any deception
Describe hypothesis, goal or purpose
Share results
Provide follow-up
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
14
In situations where participants are intentionally or accidentally deceived, they should be debriefed once the research is complete. Debriefing describes the goals of the research, as well as the truth and reasons for any deception. Results are shared after the study is complete. Participants who require any medical or psychological follow-up attention will receive it during the debriefing process.
Protect Participant Confidentiality
Minimize instruments requiring ID
Non-
disclosure of data subsets
Restrict access to ID
Obtain signed
nondisclosure
Reveal only with written consent
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
15
All individuals have a right to privacy, and researchers must respect that right.
Once a guarantee of confidentiality is given, protecting that confidentiality is essential. Researchers protect participant confidentiality in several ways.
Obtaining signed nondisclosure documents – only researchers who have signed nondisclosure forms should be allowed access to the data.
Restricting access to participant identification.
Revealing participant information only with written consent.
Restricting access to data instruments where the participant is identified.
Nondisclosure of data subsets.
Methods 2-5 deal with minimizing the chance for a participant to identified and matched with his or her responses. Links between data and identifying information must be minimized. Interview response sheets should be inaccessible to everyone except the editors and data entry personnel. Data collection instruments may be destroyed once data are in a data file. For very small groups, data should not be made available if it would be easy to pinpoint a person in the group.
Right to Privacy
Right to refuse
Prior permission to interview
Limit time required
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
16
For researchers to fully address participants’ right to privacy, they must also 1) inform participants of their right to refuse to answer any questions or participate in the study; 2) obtain prior permission to interview or observe participants; and 3) limit the time required for participation to limit the amount of information collected to only that which is deemed critical.
The U.S. Safe Harbor Agreement
Security
Notice
Access
Enforcement
Choice
Onward Transfer
Data Integrity
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
17
The convenience of collecting data online has created new ethical issues.
Data mining offers infinite possibilities for research abuse. The primary ethical data mining issues in cyberspace are privacy-related including consent to information collection and control of information dissemination. Legitimate data miners publicly post their information security policies.
The EU countries have passed the European Commission’s data protection directive. Under the directive, commissioners can prosecute companies and block Web sites that fail to live up to its strict privacy standards.
Exhibit 2-3 identifies the seven basic principle that companies must comply with to be granted immunity from legal action under the EU’s directive. These seven principles are:
Notice: Companies must notify consumers/participants about what information is being collected, how that information will be used, who that information will be shared with, and how individuals can contact the organization with inquiries or complaints.
Choice: Consumers/participants must be provided with an opt-out mechanism for any secondary uses of data and for disclosures to third parties. For sensitive information, participants must opt in before providing data that will be shared.
Access: Individuals must have access to personal information that the organization holds and be able to correct, amend, or delete information where it is in accurate, except where the burden or expense of providing access would be disproportionate to the risks to the individual’s privacy.
Security: Organizations must take reasonable precautions to protect personal information from loss, misuse, and unauthorized access, disclosure, alteration, and destruction.
Onward transfer: Companies disclosing personal data to a third party must adhere to the notice and choice principles. A third party must subscribe to the safe-harbor principles.
Data integrity: Reasonable steps must be taken to ensure that data collected are reliable, accurate, complete, and current.
Enforcement: Companies must ensure there are readily available and affordable independent mechanisms to investigate consumer complaints.
Sponsor Confidentiality
Sponsor Nondisclosure
Purpose Nondisclosure
Findings Nondisclosure
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
18
Some sponsors wish to undertake research without revealing themselves. They have a right to several types of confidentiality.
Sponsor nondisclosure is used when the sponsor of the research restricts revealing the sponsorship. In this case, the sponsor may hire an outside firm to complete the research projects.
Purpose nondisclosure is used when the sponsor camouflages the true research objective of the study.
Findings nondisclosure is used when the sponsor restricts the researcher from discussing the findings of the research project.
Unethical Behavior to Avoid
Violating participant confidentiality
Changing data
Creating false data
Changing data interpretations
Changing data presentation
Injecting bias in interpretations
Omitting sections of data
Making recommendations beyond scope of data
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
19
Research must be designed so that a participant does not suffer physical harm, discomfort, pain, embarrassment, or loss of privacy. This slide lists the three guidelines researchers should follow to protect participants.
When discussing benefits, the researcher should be careful not to overstate or understate the benefits.
Informed consent means that the participant has given full consent to participation after receiving full disclosure of the procedures of the proposed study.
What To Do If Coerced?
Educate
on
purpose
Emphasize
fact-finding
role
Explain
problems
Terminate
Relationship
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
20
Occasionally, researchers may be asked by sponsors to participate in unethical behavior. What can the researcher do to remain ethical? There are four suggestions provided in the slide. The researcher can attempt to
educate the sponsor to the purpose of the research,
explain the researcher’s role as a fact-finder,
explain how distorting the truth or breaking faith will lead to future problems, and
if the others fail, terminate the relationship.
Principles of Effective Codes of Ethics
Enforceable
Specify Behavior
Regulate
Protect
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
21
Many organizations have codes of ethics. A code of ethics is an organization’s codified set of norms or standards of behavior that guide moral choices about research behavior. Effective codes are those that 1) are regulative, 2) protect the public interest and the interests of the profession served by the code, 3) are behavior-specific, and 4) are enforceable.
Exhibit 2-5 provides additional sources for ethics resources.
Key Terms
Code of ethics
Confidentiality
Debriefing
Deception
Ethics
Informed consent
Nondisclosure
Findings
Purpose
Sponsor
Right to privacy
Right to quality
Right to safety
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
22
Additional Discussion opportunities
Chapter 2
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
2-‹#›
23
Snapshot: Location Based Services
Know data collection, sharing procedures
Appoint privacy trained personnel to ensure privacy
Treat LBS as sensitive information
Demonstrate informed consent
Sensitive to parent expectations
Stay current on privacy developments
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
24
Snapshot: Ethics of Mobile Surveys
Recruiting
Financial Disadvantage
Privacy & Intrusion
Tracking Behavior
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
Snapshot: Has Trust Trumped Privacy
“91 percent of U.S.
online adults worry to some degree about their privacy online, while 53 percent said they ‘don’t completely trust companies with their business online.”
Privacy Fundamentalists
PrivacyPragmatists
Privacy Unconcerneds
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
Snapshot: Offshoring
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
Research Thought Leaders
“[Privacy pragmatists are] often willing to allow people to have access to, and to use, their personal information where they understand the reasons for its use, where they see tangible benefits for so doing, and when they believe care is taken to prevent the misuse of this information.”
Humphrey Taylor
chairman of The Harris Poll®
Harris Interactive.
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
Procter & Gamble
Admits to competitive intelligence gathering
Contracted BI firm took documents from Unilever trash receptacles
Out-of-court settlement rumored (and reported) at $10m
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
29
In April 2001, Procter and Gamble notified its competitor Unilever that more than 80 discarded documents detailing Unilever’s marketing plan for its hair care business had been collected by P&G information agents. Unilever sought financial restitution and restrictions on P&G’s marketing activities, but the two companies settled out of court. You’ll find the full mini-case in the Instructor’s Manual, under Additional Discussion Opportunities.
Ethical Approaches
Ethical
standards
Ethical
Relativism
Deontology
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
30
There is no single approach to ethics.
Deontology advocates that ethical behavior should be directed by duties regardless of the positive circumstances that might result from behavior that is in contradiction to the duty. An example might be “Do not lie,” even when lying might result in a positive outcome. Another approach is that of ethical relativism. Ethical relativism is based on an individual’s sense of morality. Therefore, each person decides for his or herself what is ethical behavior. A middle ground is necessary and provided through ethical standards of behavior for researchers.
Ethical Approaches
Ethical
Relativism
Deontology
How would you assess the P&G case using the two ethical approaches?
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
31
Ethics in Business Research
Chapter 2
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
2-‹#›
32
This chapter explains the ethical issues faced by researchers.
Photo Attributions
Slide Source
6 Chris Ryan/Getty Images
14 Polka Dot Images/Jupiterimages
18 ERproductions Ltd./Getty Images
20 Brand X Pictures/Photolibrary
24 ©Jose Luis Pelaez Inc/Blend Images LLC
25 ©Siri Stafford/Digital Vision/Getty Images
26 Ingram Publishing
27 Courtesy of Foundation for Transparency in Offshoring
31 Florian Franke/Purestock/SuperStock
33 Ingram Publishing
2-‹#›
2-‹#›
Week 1 Assignment 1 Chapter 2 Ethics in Business Research
Explain how researchers can address individuals’ right to privacy.
Why Choose Us
- 100% non-plagiarized Papers
- 24/7 /365 Service Available
- Affordable Prices
- Any Paper, Urgency, and Subject
- Will complete your papers in 6 hours
- On-time Delivery
- Money-back and Privacy guarantees
- Unlimited Amendments upon request
- Satisfaction guarantee
How it Works
- Click on the “Place Order” tab at the top menu or “Order Now” icon at the bottom and a new page will appear with an order form to be filled.
- Fill in your paper’s requirements in the "PAPER DETAILS" section.
- Fill in your paper’s academic level, deadline, and the required number of pages from the drop-down menus.
- Click “CREATE ACCOUNT & SIGN IN” to enter your registration details and get an account with us for record-keeping and then, click on “PROCEED TO CHECKOUT” at the bottom of the page.
- From there, the payment sections will show, follow the guided payment process and your order will be available for our writing team to work on it.