Differences between a Stadium and an Arena? Describe the process of selecting a location for each. The information needs to be from the readings. 150 word minimum. Provide references. MLA no header
Human Kinetics
Gil Fried
University of New Haven
ManaGinG
sport
Facilities
second edition
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fried, Gil, 1965-
Managing sport facilities / Gil Fried. — 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-8290-7 (hard cover)
ISBN-10: 0-7360-8290-5 (hard cover)
1. Sports facilities–Management–Textbooks. I. Title.
GV401.F75 2010
725.8043–dc22
2009034955
ISBN-10: 0-7360-8290-5 (print)
ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-8290-7 (print)
Copyright © 2010, 2005 by Gil Fried
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E4804
To all the men and women who keep our public assembly facilities running
beckyh
Text Box
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■ v
contents
Preface vii ■ Acknowledgments xi
Part I Introduction to Sport
Facility Management . . . . . . . . . . 1
1 History and Future of Sport and Public Assembly Facilities 3
Facilities in Ancient Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Facilities From the Middle Ages to the 1800s . . . . . . . . . . 9
Facility Management From Ancient to Modern Times . . . 10
Evolution of Professional and Collegiate Facilities . . . . . 11
Facility Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
The Future of Sport Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Trends That Will Affect Future Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2 Facility Management 25
What Is Facility Management? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
The Facility Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Constituents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Managerial Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3 Management Theory and Human Resources 43
Management Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Computer-Aided Facility Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Simple Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Outsourcing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Sport Facility Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Employment Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Hiring Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Employee Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Legal Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Part II Facility Development . . . . . . . . . 75
4 Facility Planning 77
Fundamentals of Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Planning for Existing Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Planning for Future Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5 Facility Site and Design 99
Site Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Site Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Site Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Facility Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6 Facility Construction 123
Construction Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Preconstruction Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Construction Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Project Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Completion and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Part III Facility Systems
and Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
7 Facility Systems 151
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Energy Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Plumbing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Interior Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Exterior Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Combined Interior and Exterior Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
vi ■ Contents
8 Facility Operations 175
Space Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Specialized Components in Sport Facilities . . . . . . . . . 178
Establishing Grass Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Maintaining Grass Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Additional Outdoor Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
9 Facility Maintenance 197
Maintenance and Repair Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Maintenance Audits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Maintenance Department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Facility Repair Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Basic Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Part IV Facility administration . . . . . . . 213
10 Marketing and Sales 215
Marketing Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
The Marketing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Facility Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
11 Finance and Budgeting 239
Financial Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Revenue and Expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Financial Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Budgeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
New Facility Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Selling a Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
12 Legal Responsibilities 261
Basic Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Tort Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Risk Management and Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Property Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Constitutional Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Government Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Part V Event and activity Management 279
13 Implementing a Security Plan 281
What Is Security? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Crowd Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Other Safety Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Crisis Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
14 Facility Preparation and Event Management 301
Revisiting Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Attracting Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Event Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Postevent Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Postevent Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Marketing for the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Marketing Efforts and Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Facility Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Glossary 333 ■ References 339 ■ Index 347 ■ About the Author 355
■ vii
preface
Almost all of us have fond memories of a sport-related experience. The experience might
entail our first game as a spectator, our first request
for a ballplayer’s autograph, or even eating our
first hot dog. We may look back at having won-
derful seats to watch a game, catching a foul ball
in the stands, or attending a game with a special
promotional giveaway. Whatever the experience,
more than likely a sport facility was involved.
When people think about large sport facili-
ties, they often focus on how to navigate through
crowds and traffic in the shortest possible amount
of time. Others might think about the sights,
sounds, and smells that made an event memo-
rable. Still others might have negative thoughts
based on a professional team’s threats to move
if not given a new facility. For smaller facilities
such as health clubs, people might think about
convenience and the breadth of services available.
For those managing sport facilities, the facil-
ity experience is vastly different. Indeed, very
few people realize what an enormous undertak-
ing it is to develop and operate these facilities.
For example, how much toilet paper needs to be
ordered for 1,000 bathroom stalls? How many
hot dogs need to be ordered if 70,000 fans will be
attending a game? What happens when the facil-
ity’s water pressure is interrupted? What if a major
generator breaks during a sporting event? What if
a storm or an environmental disaster damages (or
destroys) the playing field? How do you promote a
rock concert one day and a monster truck pull the
next? How do you change over a facility from an
ice hockey surface to a basketball surface in just
three hours without ruining the ice? How do you
handle disorderly or rowdy fans and customers?
How do you hire and manage a part-time staff of
possibly 600 ushers, concessionaires, ticket takers,
and security personnel? What happens when a
facility runs into financial hardships? These are
just some of the questions that a facility manager
has to face on a daily basis. This book was written
to help highlight the broad array of responsibili-
ties faced by facility managers.
the Purpose of this Book
The question this book addresses is how to effec-
tively manage a sport facility. Although the book
focuses on sport facilities, much of the subject
matter is also applicable to any number of public
assembly facilities, including music theaters,
auditoriums, convention centers, and high school
and college arenas and stadiums. Public facilities
can also include bowling alleys, health clubs,
sportsplexes, park and recreation facilities, and
numerous other natural and man-made environ-
ments.
Written for students in sport and facility man-
agement, as well as professionals already working
in the field, the text provides a comprehensive
knowledge base. An introductory-level discussion
is provided for those who have never before stud-
ied sport facility management (FM). Thus, after
reading this book, beginning students will have
a solid grasp of the fundamental skills in FM and
will have the knowledge base to apply those skills
in the real world. In-depth explanation, real-world
examples, and detailed assessment of various FM
issues are also provided to expand understand-
ing and spur knowledge application for industry
professionals. Some of the FM concerns discussed
in this text are preventive maintenance, facil-
ity planning, event administration, box office
management, house and grounds management,
systems management, marketing, finance, and
personnel administration.
It should be noted that every facility and its
management structure is different. Some facili-
ties rely on an owner to make all decisions, from
designing the building and obtaining funds to
removing the trash every day. Other facilities, pri-
marily larger ones, have multiple people serving
in different capacities and may have a financial
consultant developing the funding strategy, a
construction manager working during construc-
tion, a facility manager handling bookings, and an
outside contracting company providing security
and concession services.
viii ■ Preface
The comprehensive overview this book offers is
currently not available from other texts. Most FM
books focus on safety, marketing, construction, or
event management. They fail to combine these
important disciplines into one comprehensive text
and rarely cover important topics such as the his-
tory of sport facilities, the types of systems within
a building, and the ways in which buildings are
actually built and managed. This text covers FM
for a sport facility in a comprehensive manner
that includes both educational references and
professional industry insight.
The need for a comprehensive sport FM text
has been highlighted over the past several years
with the push to build large high-technology sport
facilities that are more complex to operate and
manage than in the past. Similarly, fitness, recre-
ation, and sport facilities have fueled significant
career opportunities that present unique issues
such as how to develop a facility business plan
including feasibility studies; what finance vehicle
is most effective for raising necessary capital; how
to control costs through preventive maintenance;
how to schedule and book event dates; and how to
market luxury and premium seating to maximize
revenue. Through reading and understanding this
text, a current or future sport facility manager will
be in a better position to respond effectively to
new challenges.
How this text Is Organized
After presenting an overview of sport facilities
through the ages, the text focuses on what is
involved in FM and on the manager’s primary
responsibility: getting employees at the facility to
accomplish their jobs. The text walks the reader
through the basics, from developing a facility
through running a facility. It then turns to issues
involved in running programs and personnel.
Lastly, the text examines what is required to pro-
duce a high-quality event at a sport facility. The
book is organized into five parts.
Part I of the book is an introduction to the sport
facility industry. A brief historical perspective
helps highlight how sport facilities have evolved
over the years. Chapter 2 addresses the role of
facility managers and the various concerns they
face. Since facility managers must accomplish
goals primarily through employees, chapter 3
deals with the art of effective managerial com-
munication and leadership. Chapter 3 also covers
how managers utilize and manage employees as
well as other human resources issues.
Part II analyzes the complex process of decid-
ing to build and finance a facility. Various topics
such as the validity of feasibility studies, how to
select a site, and how to handle environmental
impact issues are discussed. This part of the text
continues with an in-depth analysis of the initial
facility business planning process, a discussion of
how to obtain financial and political support, and
an examination of the various types of facilities
and fields that can be built. This part highlights
the facility building process, including analysis
of how to develop a site plan to maximize the
available resources. Part II ends with a thorough
analysis of the construction process to build a
facility.
After a facility is built, it has to be operated.
Part III covers the operations side of facilities (both
internal and external) and such topics as mainte-
nance and housekeeping. Systems management is
covered, with emphasis on major systems such as
facility infrastructure, HVAC (heating, ventilation,
and air conditioning), energy management, waste
management, and all exterior systems.
Part IV analyzes the FM process by looking at
some of the critical administrative areas that a
facility manager supervises. This part covers some
of the nuts and bolts associated with FM, such as
marketing, finance, legal issues, risk management,
and the entire administrative process.
Part V examines the actual running of a sport
facility during large events. The primary concern
for any facility is safety and this section starts with
analyzing the risk management issues associated
with managing crowds and disasters. The section
ends with a step-by-step process of how to first
attract events and then put on those events.
How to Use this text
Besides the educational material contained within
the discussions of the various topics, the text is
organized to clearly convey concepts through
several strategies. Each chapter lists specific
objectives and includes a chapter overview as
well as a chapter summary and several discus-
sion questions and activities. Among the most
important elements in each chapter are sections
titled “Facility Focus” and “Behind the Scenes.”
The facility focus sections provide information
about particular facilities, including important
Preface ■ ix
facts and strategies used by the facility to succeed.
The behind-the-scenes material presents unique
concerns and strategies that can make a facility
manager more successful. All these elements
combine to help weave the material into a full
and coherent picture of the subject.
Updates to this Edition
I was very touched by the support I received after
writing the first edition of this text. Possibly the
best response was from facility managers them-
selves who highlighted that the text was the first
book they had read that was able to capture the
essence of what it meant to be a facility manager.
When I was asked how I could improve on a
text used at more than 100 universities, I had to
think outside the proverbial box. When I teach
sport facility management, I normally teach half
the class from the textbook and the remainder of
class time is spent working on projects, listening
to guest speakers, and visiting facilities. Since it is
impossible to visit a facility in a textbook, I tried
to incorporate the next best thing— expanding the
facility focus sections and adding a new section
with industry experts introducing each chapter.
Each chapter contains at least one facility focus,
which has been expanded to give the reader not
just statistics but also a sense of what issues the
facility faces. Several major new facilities were
built since the last edition. Thus, I have incorpo-
rated some of them into the text, such as the new
Yankee Stadium and Cowboys Stadium. Each
chapter has an introduction written by an indus-
try executive highlighting what he or she does
on a daily basis and how material in that specific
chapter fits into his career. Whether a sport archi-
tect is discussing how he plans to build a facility
or a major facility executive is highlighting how
she motivates her employees, these introductions
highlight the text’s value for those working in the
industry. They also encourage the reader to think
about how theory can be applied in the workplace.
One of the key benefits of this second edition
is the instructor orientation adopted by both the
author and publisher. While some material was
made available to past textbook adopters, the new
version will be enhanced by PowerPoint slides for
each chapter; a 20-minute video highlighting the
building of a sport facility; an instructor’s guide
that provides innovative teaching options; and a
large test bank of true or false, multiple choice,
and essay exam questions available to all textbook
adopters. These ancillary materials are available
at www.HumanKinetics.com/ManagingSportFa-
cilities.
Note to Students
When I started my academic career at the University of New Haven in 2004,
it never occurred to me how much planning, intelligence, and perfecting it
took to keep each spectator safe and run a facility. On a facility tour of Shea
Stadium in New York, Professor Fried and the stadium staff explained several
aspects of the park that would seem trivial to any fan. A strategically placed
railing allowed a more efficient crowd flow into the gates, which subsequently
allowed all bags and persons to be inspected quickly and thoroughly. The
stadium’s rules and regulations were announced over the PA system and
reinforced with mounted signs and placards. All of these minutiae were in
effect before a single spectator even went through the turnstile.
In the fall of 2005, Gil brought together several different employers for a
career fair at UNH. The Arena at Harbor Yard was one of these employers.
The arena is a state-of-the-art multisport facility located in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and is home to the
Bridgeport Sound Tigers and some college teams. I was fortunate to gain employment at the 8,400-seat
facility, which was built in 2001, based on my previous work experiences at my local ice hockey rink.
Being a naive 19-year-old full-time student had its benefits when facing my first real-world job. When
I started my job I had a basic understanding and foundation of how to maintain ice, use a Zamboni ice
resurfacer, and listen to directions, as well as a giant thirst for new knowledge in facility management.
Both my colleagues at Bridgeport and UNH gave me the tools to launch a great experiential education
that only working could provide.
C
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x ■ Preface
My first year at Bridgeport was demanding at times, but ultimately it gave me an invaluable sense of
what went into a production. I worked nights and weekends at the arena breaking down staging, securing
dasher boards, installing glass partitions, removing the graphite flooring off the ice surface, preparing
the ice, stowing equipment, and making normal repairs to the building no matter where it needed it.
The second year brought even more responsibility as I began to work during the Bridgeport Sound Tiger
games for emergency repairs and general operations.
While working at the arena I took “Sport Facility Management,” taught by Professor Fried. As is true
in any subject or industry, you can achieve a full understanding of a topic only by first learning the
philosophy of the subject; applying it in the real world; and then going back to critique, modify, and
reimplement that knowledge. Enter Managing Sport Facilities by Gil Fried, first edition. This was the
first textbook I not only read from cover to cover but also showed constantly to other people (my room-
mates hated sport facilities by the end of the semester!). The facility focus sparked frequent lunchtime
conversations among classmates and friends. The simplicity of breaking down a facility by description,
interesting facts, and its importance allows students to grasp the concept much easier than spending
a full hour lecturing about it. Referencing these facilities became even easier with this book’s format.
Managing Sport Facilities is one of the greatest walkthrough guides for any course out there. Gil
separates this book into a very unique and easy-to-use layout. Starting with a history of facilities and
how to manage them allows a person to become acquainted with the material and what running a
building really is like. The first part was very near and dear to me as it enabled me to gain a better
understanding of what roles my coworkers and I were playing at the Arena at Harbor Yard.
The chapters on planning, designing, building, and maintaining the actual structure became a one-of-
a-kind experience for me. I had a trifecta of learning at my fingertips as we spent several weeks discuss-
ing these topics. First, I had my actual lived experiences at the arena doing this hands-on; second, Gil’s
expertise at teaching and his book served as the philosophy and intellectual fuel; third, our in-class trips
to different facilities mixed with the end-of-semester project (building our own facility from scratch)
allowed us to literally put on our facility manager’s hats and find problems and solutions.
The rest of the book allowed us to come full circle with our course work and built-from-scratch …
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- Click “CREATE ACCOUNT & SIGN IN” to enter your registration details and get an account with us for record-keeping and then, click on “PROCEED TO CHECKOUT” at the bottom of the page.
- From there, the payment sections will show, follow the guided payment process and your order will be available for our writing team to work on it.