Choose an objective (topic) that applies to a patient population that you want to work with as an RN.
For example, if you want to work in the pediatric specialty, you could choose a topic related to the health of adolescents.
Find two (2) peer-reviewed nursing journal articles based on your chosen topic.
Discussion:
Describe your topic and why you selected it.
How do the articles you selected impact the evidence-based practice in your chosen topic?
Discuss at least two (2) ways that your selected articles impact your patient teaching.
Be sure to present your articles using APA 7th edition formatting
© 2021 Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology | Published by Wolters Kluwer – Medknow 57
COVID‑19 pandemic and its impact on peer review speed of
anesthesiology journals: An observational study
Bikram Kishore Behera, Rakesh Vadakkethil Radhakrishnan2, Chitta Ranjan Mohanty1,
Snigdha Bellapukonda
Departments of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care and 1Trauma and Emergency, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 2College of Nursing, All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Introduction
The coronavirus disease (COVID‑19) pandemic is a global
health crisis of our time and is one of the most significant
challenges humankind has faced since the Second World
War. Its impact on the health care sector is unprecedented and
enormous. Rapid publication is paramount for disseminating
new knowledge, particularly during this fast‑moving health
crisis like the COVID‑19 pandemic.[1] The scientific
community is in a rigorous effort to make the best evidence
Address for correspondence: Dr. Chitta Ranjan Mohanty,
Department of Trauma and Emergency, All India Institute of Medical
Science, Bhubaneswar – 751 019, Odisha, India.
E-mail: [email protected]
Access this article online
Quick Response Code:
Website:
www.joacp.org
DOI:
10.4103/joacp.JOACP_652_20
Background and Aims: Publication of a scientific article in a reputed journal is an uphill task that demands a significant
amount of time and effort from the author and editorial team. It is a matter of great enthusiasm for all prospective researchers
to know whether this daily evolving publication load of articles during this pandemic had changed the journal’s inherent peer
review or publication process. We aimed to compare the peer review speed of anesthesiology journal articles published during
pandemic (2020) to the previous year and to analyze various factors affecting peer review speed.
Material and Methods: Overall, 16 anesthesiology journals indexed in MEDLINE database were retrospectively analyzed.
A set of 24 articles published in 2019 of the included journals were selected from each journal for control and a set of 12 articles
published between January to September 2020 was selected for comparison. Time taken for acceptance and publication from
the time of submission was noted. Peer review timing was calculated and its relationship with h‑index, continent of journal
origin and article processing charges were evaluated.
Results: The median peer review time in 2019 and 2020 were 116 (108‑125) days and 79 (65‑105.5) days, respectively. There
was a 31.8% decrease (P = 0.0021) in peer review time of all articles in 2020 compared to 2019. The median peer review timings
of COVID‑19 articles were 35 (22‑42.5) days. A 55.6% decrease was noted in peer review time of COVID‑19 articles compared to
non‑COVID‑19 articles in 2020. There was a significant correlation between peer review time and h‑index (r = 0.558, P = 0.024).
There was no significant difference in peer review timing of journals with or without article processing charge (P = 0.75) and
between journals from different continents (P = 0.56).
Conclusion: Anesthesiology journals managed to curtail their turnaround time for peer review during the pandemic compared
to previous year. Journal with higher h‑index had longer peer review time. The option for articles processing charge and continent
of publishing journal had no impact on peer review speed.
Keywords: Anaesthesiology, COVID‑19, h‑index, peer review time
Abstract
How to cite this article: Behera BK, Radhakrishnan RV, Mohanty CR,
Bellapukonda S. COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on peer review speed of
anesthesiology journals: An observational study. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol
2021;37:57-62.
Submitted: 07-Dec-2020 Accepted: 23-Dec-2020 Published: 10-Apr-2021
Original Article
This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the
work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and
the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
For reprints contact: [email protected]
Behera, et al.: Impact of COVID‑19 pandemic on peer review speed of anesthesiology journals
58 Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology | Volume 37 | Issue 1 | January‑March 2021
of the disease patterns and its implications as the disease
process unveils itself over time. Simultaneously, journals in
most medical disciplines strive to publish articles about the
pandemic on an unprecedented scale and scope than ever
before.[2,3] Still, the same cannot be said about the articles
in other research areas.[4,5] This pandemic has affected both
the researchers and reviewers equally and especially those
professionals actively engaged in COVID‑19 care. Lockdown
measures by various governments and agencies worldwide have
affected research in other areas of the medical field. This could
have led to reduced editorial pressure and the turnaround
time for publication.
Publication of a scientific article in a reputed journal is an
uphill task that demands a significant amount of time and
effort from the author and editorial team. It is a matter of
great enthusiasm for all prospective researchers to know
whether this daily evolving publication load of articles during
this pandemic had changed the journal’s inherent peer review
or publication process, especially regarding the speed with
which the review process and decision on acceptance and
publication were accomplished. Hence, the present study
aimed to determine the peer‑review speed of journal articles
in anesthesiology journals during the pandemic period (2020)
in comparison to the previous year (2019) and to establish
a correlation of various factors to peer review speed among
anesthesiology journals.
Methods
This observational study was conducted for the anesthesiology
journals published in the year 2019 and 2020. The study
period was from July‑October 2020. Time taken for peer review
of the original articles was considered as the primary outcome
measure. Anesthesiology journals indexed in MEDLINE
database 2020 were recruited for the study. Journals publishing
original articles in the field of anesthesiology (h‑index ≥20)
were included in the study. Journals with published content
exclusively related to “pain” or “critical care,” journals
publishing only review articles and case reports, and journal
without data regarding the date of submission, acceptance
were excluded from the study. Using this criterion, we had
shortlisted 16 journals for inclusion in our analysis.
A set of 24 articles published in 2019 of the included journals
were selected from each journal for control. The selection of
the articles was based on the number of issues published in the
year 2019. For example, two articles were selected from each
issue from a journal with 12 issues per year, four articles in a
journal with six issues per year, and six articles in a journal with
four issues per year, and so on. If the journal published <24
original articles per year, then all the journal articles were
included in the study. The first set of articles was selected from
each issue to maintain uniformity. The date of submission,
date of acceptance, date of publication was obtained from
the selected articles and was entered into the data extraction
sheet. The data on parameters such as the article processing
charges (APC) were obtained from the journal website. The
h‑index of selected journals was obtained from SCIMAGO.[6]
A set of 12 articles published between January to September
2020 was selected from the same journal for comparison. If
the journal had less than 12 articles, all articles were included.
The peer‑review time or acceptance time (SA) has been
defined as the interval between submission dates to the date
of acceptance. The publication time (SP) has been defined as
the interval between dates of submission to the date of online
publication. The journal’s country of origin was listed, and
all the journals were categorized into four continents: Asia,
Europe, North America, and South America.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using R version 3.6.1,
a software for statistical computing and graphics
(The R Foundation, Vienna, Austria). Categorical variables
are expressed as frequency or percentages. The data were
analyzed for normality by using the Shapiro–Wilks test
Numerical variables are expressed as median with interquartile
range (IQR). The Mann–Whitney U test and Wilcoxon
signed‑rank test were performed to compare two independent
and paired groups, respectively. Kruskal–Wallis test was used
to compare more than two independent groups. Spearman’s
correlation was used to analyze the correlation between
numerical variables. A ‘P’ value of <0.05 was considered
statistically significant
Results
The flow diagram of the journals selected for the study and
the factors analyzed were depicted in Figure 1. Sixteen
journals were included for the final analysis. A total of 358
articles were selected from the year 2019, and 181 articles
peer‑reviewed between January and September were selected
from the year 2020. The median peer review time for all
articles in 2019 was 116 (108‑125) days. The median
peer review time in 2020 (during the pandemic period) for
all articles was 79 (65‑105.5) days. There was a 31.8%
decrease in all articles’ peer review time during the pandemic
period compared to 2019. This decrease was statistically
significant (P = 0.002). Thirteen journals (81%) have
reported a decrease in peer review time during the pandemic
period compared to 2019, amongst which four journals (25%)
had peer review time significantly less (P < 0.05). Out of the
Behera, et al.: Impact of COVID‑19 pandemic on peer review speed of anesthesiology journals
Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology | Volume 37 | Issue 1 | January‑March 2021 59
181 original articles published in 2020, 12 (6.6%) articles
were published on COVID‑19. The median peer review
timings of those articles were 35 (22‑42.5) days. We found
a 55.6% decrease in peer review time of COVID‑19 articles
compared to non‑COVID articles during the pandemic
period.
The median publication time for all journals in 2019 was
166 (131‑197) days. The median publication time for all
journals during the pandemic was 116 (102‑133) days. There
was a 30.1% decrease in publication time in 2020 compared
to 2019. The median h‑index of journals include for analysis
was 39 (26‑70). There was a significant correlation between
peer review time and h‑index (r = 0.558, P = 0.024).
Figure 2 shows scatter plot depicting the relation between peer
review time and h‑index. Though the peer review time varies
between different continents, as shown in boxplot [Figure 3],
it was not statistically significant (P = 0.056). The median
peer review time is longer in the journal with APC (89.5
days) than those without (76.5 days), but the difference
was not statistically significant (P = 0.75). Table 1 depicts
comparative Peer review time and its correlates among the
indexed anesthesiology journals.
Discussion
The scholarly article submitted to a journal must succeed
through various time‑consuming stages, including peer review
and thorough editorial work before getting published. The
delay in peer review and editorial process of scientific journals
often hinders the timely dissemination of relevant information.
It is indeed more expensive during the current pandemic era
like COVID‑19, where the rapid generation of evidence
and its sharing comprise top priority. Since the declaration
of the pandemic as a public health emergency of international
concern by W. H. O, the journals in almost every medical
discipline had witnessed an unprecedented surge in articles
related to pandemic over the last nine months, often referred
Figure 1: Flow diagram showing the layout plan of the study
Behera, et al.: Impact of COVID‑19 pandemic on peer review speed of anesthesiology journals
60 Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology | Volume 37 | Issue 1 | January‑March 2021
to as ‘infodemic’ by the experts, putting enormous pressure
on the editorial and review team.[7,8] The speculations are
due to the credibility and quality of the information supplied
to the journals that need thorough scrutiny and cutting‑edge
decisions from the editorial team.[9] Although the turnaround
time for peer review is often correlated with the journal
efficiency with direct reflection of the editorial team’s strength
and caliber and supportive network,[10] it holds true for the
current pandemic. Most journals strived to achieve a prompt
response to this crucial need.
We found that thirteen out of the sixteen anesthesiology
journals recorded a reduction in the peer review time during the
pandemic period (2020) compared to the previous year, out
of which four journals demonstrated a statistically significant
decrease (P < 0.05). The peer‑review time varied across
the included journals and may depend on different factors of
journal efficiency and timely support from the reviewers.[11]
The current study found that the median peer review time for
anesthesiology journals was 116 days in 2019 and 79 days
in 2020. The peer‑review time varies substantially between
journal to journal and across the various medical disciplines.
The median peer review time takes around 100 days for
most of the biomedical journals[12] Asaad M et al. reported
the median peer review time of 4.6 months (IQR 3‑6.8)
among six plastic surgery journals during 2018.[13] Whereas
Head and Face Medicine journals had a mean peer review
time of just 37.8 days, as reported in a one‑year retrospective
study by Stamm T et al. in 2007.[14] Anesthesiology journals
in the current study had comparable peer review time with
ophthalmology and biomedical Indian journals that reported
median peer review times of 133 days and 143.5 days,
respectively, as reported by Chen et al. and Shah et al. in
their earlier bibliometric studies.[15,16] The time spend on
peer review had a strong bearing on the publication speed of
articles where the longer peer reviews considerably increase
the turnaround time for publication.[17]
Our study found a 31.8% decrease in all articles’ peer review
time and a 69.8% decrease for COVID‑19 articles in 2020
compared to 2019 among the anesthesiology journals. In
all articles published in 2020, we found the COVID‑19
articles had 55.69% less peer review time than non‑COVID
articles (P < 0.05). This could be attributed to comparatively
fewer non‑pandemic related research submission and the effect
of lockdowns that could have eased the editorial team’s pressure
and influenced faster peer review and processing. Furthermore,
to support the need for rapid dissemination of information
related to COVID‑19. Notably, some journals had reformed
their peer review guidelines to accelerate the publication speed
and often invited expert prospective reviewers to strengthen
their peer review speed during the pandemic times to circumvent
the inherent publication delays.[18,19] Our findings corroborate
with Horbach SPJM that reported shortening of peer review
time for journals during the pandemic.[4] Unlike Horbach
SPJM, we found the acceleration of peer review for both
COVID‑19 and non‑COVID‑19 articles in 2020 among
anesthesiology journals, where later reported only COVID‑19
articles had a reduction in peer review time.[4] This difference
may also be explained by the fact that our analysis included
only original research articles, not like Horbach SPJM, that
accounted for different article types, including letters to editors,
commentaries, and review articles that typically undergo a
different form review process than original articles.[4]
Our analysis included the h‑index of included journals, a widely
used author, or journal metric to quantify scholarly articles’
collective impact in a journal.[20,21] The anesthesia journals
included in the study had a median h‑index of 39 (26‑70).
Interestingly, we noted a significant correlation between
Figure 2: Scatter plot depicting the correlation between h‑index and peer review
time during the pandemic period
Figure 3: Box plot depicting peer review time in journals from different continents
of the world during the pandemic period
Behera, et al.: Impact of COVID‑19 pandemic on peer review speed of anesthesiology journals
Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology | Volume 37 | Issue 1 | January‑March 2021 61
peer review time and the h‑index (r = 0.558, P = 0.024)
among the journals. None of the previous bibliometric studies
have reported the journals’ h‑index on the peer review and
publication process. It is also imperative to acknowledge that
the ultra‑rapid peer reviews should not be at the expense of
review quality and article credibility, which often gives rise
to erroneous faulty information to the readers and serious
misleading of the science.[22] Many high‑end journals relied
on rapid dissemination of research evidence with accelerated
peer review through their preprint publication, without even
rigorous editorial scrutiny; often required retraction of the
articles following concerns expressed by experts.[23]
We noted a difference in the peer review speed across the
anaesthesia journals published from various continents,
namely Asia, Europe, North America, and South America.
However, the correlation between peer review speed and
the publishing journal’s continents was not statistically
significant (P = 0.056). Many journals impose article
processing charges (APC) to meet the expenses associated with
the editorial process, review, and publication, though having
a strong negative bearing on researchers from economically
constrained nations.[24] Our study found that peer review speed
of journals was not affected by APC’s option. Furthermore,
we noted journals were having APC had longer peer review
time (89.5 days) compared to journals that did not levy these
charges (76.5 days).
Our study found a median publication time of 166 days for the
anesthesiology journals before the pandemic. It was comparable
to the publication speed of journals in other disciplines. However,
this turnaround time got shortened to 116 days during the
pandemic. The findings were in line with the study by Palayew
et al. that reported a shortening of turnaround time for publication
in journals compared to the previous year.[9] Furthermore,
the current study finding of the shortening of submission to
acceptance time also corroborates with a study by Horbach
SPJM that reported reduction in turnaround time for publication
was mainly attributed to the decrease in the number of days for
the peer review among journals during pandemic.[4]
Furthermore, concerns are also erupting about the fate of articles
not related to the COVID‑19 pandemic. Although many
journals resorted to speeding the publication of Covid‑19 articles,
the public interest in non‑COVID‑19 medical conditions got
sidelined[5] and these articles endure significant delays in peer
review and publication.[4,9] This could negatively affect the
prospect of young scientists and delayed the dissemination of
relevant scientific evidence. The earlier literature suggested a
two‑track reviewing system of editorial triage to propel both the
pandemic and non‑pandemic related articles to safeguard the
importance of all scientific submissions.[11]
Peer review speed is an essential yardstick for tracking the
publication speed of articles. It seems logical that journals also
Table No.1 Comparative Peer review time and its correlates among the indexed anesthesiology journals (n = 539)
Journal Name Median
peer
review
Time
2019
(in
days)
Median
peer
review
Time
2020
(in
days)
P h‑index Issues
/year
No of
Article
2019
(n=358)
No of
Articles
2020
(n=181)
APC Journal
Country of
origin
Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 109.5 112 0.61 103 10 24 12 No Denmark
Anaesthesiology 202 168 0.13 225 12 24 10 No USA
Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine 112 75 0.38 23 6 24 12 Yes Iran
BMC Anesthesiology 146 104 0.248 36 1 24 12 Yes United Kingdom
Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology 162 191 0.5 27 6 24 4 No Brazil
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 109 66 0.065 92 12 24 12 No USA
Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 121.5 65 0.002* 26 12 24 12 No India
Journal of Anesthesia 152 67.5 0.021* 42 6 24 12 No Japan
Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical
Pharmacology
216 19 0.048* 28 4 24 5 No India
Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 53.5 83 0.63 68 8 24 12 No USA
Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 109 104 0.479 48 6 24 12 No Netherlands
Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 107.5 70 0.0009* 26 6 24 10 No Korea
Minerva Anestesiologica 177 110 0.074 56 12 24 12 No Italy
Paediatric Anaesthesia 130.5 95 0.109 79 12 24 8 No United Kingdom
Saudi Journal of Anesthesia 37 28 0.151 22 4 12 12 No India
Trends in Anaesthesia and Critical Care 69.5 43 0.375 20 6 24 12 No United Kingdom
* Wilcoxon signed rank test
Behera, et al.: Impact of COVID‑19 pandemic on peer review speed of anesthesiology journals
62 Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology | Volume 37 | Issue 1 | January‑March 2021
might have encountered problems in getting enough expert
reviewers. Peer review services are generally non‑remunerated
and used to get accomplished from the spare time of medical
researchers. Many of these reviewers might be busy with
their scholarly work or routine clinical engagement, making
review requests overwhelming during the pandemic. But
must acknowledge with caution that most of our included
journals managed to engage enough reviewers to review their
submissions; however, who reviewed these articles so expedite
remains unclear.[4] Nevertheless, the indispensable need for
research evidence and scientific information during any crisis
should not overlook the quality of peer review and scholarly
content’s inherent scrutiny.
The current study has some limitations. Firstly, the peer review
timing of only original articles were evaluated in the present
study, and other articles like review articles and reports were
not included, though account for a sizable share in journals.
The study relied on information about data on the date of
submission and acceptance from the journal site. We have
included only journals indexed in the MEDLINE database,
and other anesthesiology journals were not considered.
Furthermore, some of the high h‑index journals were not
included due to the unavailability of dates of submission and
acceptance.
To conclude, our analysis revealed that most of the
anesthesiology journals managed to curtail their turnaround
time for peer review during the pandemic time to showcase
solidarity to the global endeavours for rapid information
sharing. There was a significant reduction in the peer review
time of COVID‑19 articles. Journal with higher h‑index had
longer peer review time. The option for articles processing
charges and continents of publishing journals had no impact
on peer review speed.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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